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DNA replication is the biological process by which a cell produces an exact copy of its DNA, occurring during the S phase of the cell cycle's interphase. It is semiconservative, meaning each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from a DNA template into RNA, serving as the first step in gene expression. It occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase, which synthesizes RNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
Translation is the cellular process in Class 12 Biology where ribosomes decode the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA to synthesize a specific chain of amino acids, forming a polypeptide. This second step of gene expression converts genetic information from the "language" of nucleic acids into the "language" of proteins, occurring in the cytoplasm following transcription.